David Vaughan Icke (pronounced /aɪk/, or IKE, born 29 April 1952) is an English writer and public speaker, best known for his views on what he calls "who and what is really controlling the world." Describing himself as the most controversial speaker in the world, he is the author of 19 books and has attracted a global following that cuts across the political spectrum. His 533-page The Biggest Secret (1999) has been called "the Rosetta Stone for conspiracy junkies."[1]
Icke was a well-known BBC television sports presenter and spokesman for the Green Party, when in 1990 a psychic told him he was a healer who had been placed on Earth for a purpose, and that the spirit world was going to pass messages to him so he could educate others. In March 1991 he held a press conference to announce that he was a "Son of the Godhead" – a phrase he said later the media had misunderstood – and the following month told the BBC's Terry Wogan show that the world would soon be devastated by tidal waves and earthquakes. He said the show changed his life, turning him from a respected household name into someone who was laughed at whenever he appeared in public.[2]
He continued nevertheless to develop his ideas, and in four books published over seven years—The Robots' Rebellion (1994), And the Truth Shall Set You Free (1995), The Biggest Secret (1999), and Children of the Matrix (2001)—set out a moral and political worldview that combined New-Age spiritualism with a passionate denunciation of totalitarian trends in the modern world. At the heart of his theories lies the idea that a secret group of reptilian humanoids called the Babylonian Brotherhood controls humanity, and that many prominent figures are reptilian, including George W. Bush, Queen Elizabeth II, Kris Kristofferson, and Boxcar Willie.[3]
Michael Barkun has described Icke's position as "New Age conspiracism," writing that he is the most fluent of the conspiracist genre. Richard Kahn and Tyson Lewis argue that the reptilian hypothesis may simply be Swiftian satire, a way of giving ordinary people a narrative with which to question what they see around them.[4]
Icke was born in Leicester General Hospital to Beric Vaughan Icke and Barbara J. Icke, née Cooke, who were married in Leicester in 1951. Icke was the middle child; there was a brother seven years older, and another seven years younger. Beric had wanted to be a doctor, but his family had no money, so he joined the Royal Air Force instead. He was awarded a British Empire Medal for gallantry in May 1943 after helping to save the crew of an aircraft that had crashed into the Chipping Warden air base in Oxfordshire. Along with a Squadron Leader, he ran into the burning aircraft, without protective clothing, and saved the life of a crew member who was trapped inside.[5]
After the war, Beric got a job in the Gents clock factory, and the family lived in a slum terraced house on Lead Street, near Wharf Street in the centre of Leicester. When Icke was three, they moved to a housing estate known as the Goodwood, one of the 1950s council estates the post-war Labour government built. "To say we were skint," he wrote in 1993, "is like saying it is a little chilly at the North Pole." He remembers having to hide under a window or chair when the council man came to collect the rent—after knocking, the rent man would walk round the house peering through the windows to see whether anyone was at home. His mother never explained that it was about the rent; she just told him to hide, and Icke writes that he still gets a fright whenever he hears a knock on the door.[6]
He was always a loner, spending hours playing with toy steam trains, and preferring to cross the street rather than speak to anyone. He attended Whitehall Infant School, then Whitehall Junior School, where he spent most of his time feeling nervous and shy, often to the point of almost fainting during the morning assembly and having to leave before he passed out. The family doctor suggested a referral to a child psychologist, but his father put his foot down.[7]
200px
Icke (right) in goal in the early 1970s, probably for Hereford United |
| Personal information |
| Playing position |
Goalkeeper |
| Youth career |
| 1967–1971 |
Coventry City |
| Senior career* |
| Years |
Team |
Apps† |
(Gls)† |
| 1971–1973 |
Hereford United[8] |
37 |
(0) |
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only.
† Appearances (Goals).
|
He made no effort at school and failed at practically everything, but when he was nine, he was chosen for the junior school's football team. It was the first time he had succeeded at anything, and he came to see football as his way out of poverty. He played in goal, which he writes suited the loner in him and gave him a sense of living on the edge between hero and villain.[7]
After failing his 11-plus exam in 1963, he was sent to the city's Crown Hills Secondary Modern, rather than the local grammar school, where he was given a trial for the Leicester Boys Under-Fourteen team. He decided to leave school at 15 after being talent-spotted by Coventry City, who signed him up in 1967 as their youth team's goalkeeper. He also played for Oxford United's reserve team and Northampton Town, on loan from Coventry. Rheumatoid arthritis in his left knee, which later spread to the right knee, ankles, elbows, wrists, and hands, stopped him from making a career out of football. Despite often being in agony during training, he managed to play part-time for Hereford United – including in the first team when they were in the Fourth Division of the English Football League, and when they were promoted to Division Three – before the pain in his joints forced him to retire in 1973 at the age of 21.[9]
He met his first wife, Linda Atherton, in May 1971 at a dance at the Chesford Grange Hotel near Leamington Spa; she was working as a van driver for a garage in Leamington. Shortly after they met, Icke had another one of the huge rows he had started having with his father—always a domineering man, his father was upset that Icke's arthritis was interfering with his football career—so he packed his bags and left home. He moved into a tiny bedsit and worked in a local travel agency during the day, travelling to Hereford twice a week in the evenings to play football. He and Linda were married on September 30 that year, four months after they'd met. A daughter was born in March 1975, followed by a son in December 1981, and another son in November 1992. Though the couple divorced in 2001, they remain good friends; she runs his publishing arm, David Icke Books, as well as producing some of his DVDs.[10]
The loss of his position with Hereford meant that he and his wife had to sell their home, and for several weeks they lived apart, each moving in with their parents, but he found a job in 1973 as a reporter with the weekly Leicester Advertiser, through a contact who was a sports editor at the Daily Mail. He moved on to the Leicester News Agency, and through them did some programmes for BBC Radio Leicester, then worked his way up through the Loughborough Monitor, the Leicester Mercury, and BRMB Radio in Birmingham.[11]
He worked for two months in Saudi Arabia in 1975, helping them run their national football team; it was intended to be a longer-term position, but he missed his wife and new daughter so much that he decided not to return after his first holiday back to the UK. He got his job back at BRMB, then applied successfully to work for Midlands Today at the BBC's Pebble Mill studios in Birmingham, and in 1981 moved on to become a sports presenter for the BBC's national programme, Newsnight. The following year he achieved his ambition when offered a job co-hosting Grandstand, at the time the BBC's flagship national sports programme.[12]
He moved in 1982 to Ryde on the Isle of Wight, somewhere he had always wanted to live. He appeared on the first edition of British television's first national breakfast show, the BBC's Breakfast Time, on 17 January 1983, presenting the sports news for them until 1985. He also published his first book that year, It's a tough game, son!, about how to break into football.[13]
He continued to work for BBC Sport until 1990, often on Grandstand and snooker programmes, and also at the 1988 Summer Olympics, but despite his professional success – he was by then a household name – a career in television began to lose its appeal for him. He wrote in Tales from the Time Loop (2003) that he was beginning to find television workers insincere, shallow, and vicious, with rare exceptions.[14] His contract with the BBC was terminated in August 1990 thanks to a political row, when he refused to pay his Community Charge, a controversial local tax introduced that year in England by Margaret Thatcher. He did end up paying it, but his announcement that he was willing to go to jail rather than pay prompted the BBC, by charter an impartial public-service broadcaster, to distance itself from him.[15]
Icke had begun to flirt with fringe medicine and New Age philosophies during the 1980s, in an effort to find relief from his arthritis, and this encouraged his interest in Green politics.[16] He wrote his second book in 1989, It Doesn't Have To Be Like This, an outline of his views on the environment, and became involved with the Green Party from 1988 to 1991, rising to become one of their four Principal Speakers, a position the party had created in lieu of a leader. The Observer called him "the Greens' Tony Blair."[17] He was regularly seen at high-profile events. He was invited in 1989 to debate animal rights during a televised debate at the Royal Institute of Great Britain, alongside Tom Regan, Mary Warnock, and Germaine Greer, and in September 1990 his name appeared on advertisements for a children's charity along with Audrey Hepburn, Woody Allen, and other celebrities.[18]
He wrote that 1989 was a time of considerable personal despair for him, and it was during this period that he began to feel a presence around him.[19] In March 1990 he had a sudden feeling while standing in newsagent's that a magnetic force was pulling his feet to the ground, and said he heard a voice tell him to look at a particular section of books. One of the books there was by Betty Shine, a psychic healer in Brighton. He decided to visit her to ask for help with his arthritis.[20]
Shine told him during their third meeting that she had a message for him from Wang Yee Lee, a being who she said looked like a Chinese mandarin and had Socrates standing next to him.[21] The message was that Icke had been sent to heal the Earth. He would become famous, but would face opposition. The spirit world was going to pass ideas to him, which he would speak about to others, sometimes not understanding the words himself. She said he would write five books in three years; that in 20 years there would be a different kind of flying machine, where we could go wherever we wanted and time would have no meaning; and there would be earthquakes in unusual places, because the inner earth was being destabilized by having oil taken from the seabed.[22]
As part of the process of making sense of this, he decided in February 1991 to visit the pre-Inca Sillustani burial ground near Puno, Peru, and while there felt drawn to a large mound of earth, at the top of which lay a circle of waist-high stones. As he stood in the circle, he again felt his feet pulled to the earth as if by a magnet, and an urge to outstretch his arms. His feet started vibrating, and his head felt as though a drill was passing through it. Two thoughts entered his mind: that people will be talking about this in 100 years, and then, "it will be over when you feel the rain." He said his body started shaking as though plugged into an electrical socket and new ideas began to pour into him. Then it started raining, and the experience ended as suddenly as it had begun. He described it later as the "kundalini"—a term from Indian yoga describing a libidinal force that lies coiled at the base of the spine—exploding up through his spine, activating his brain and his chakras, or energy centres, triggering a higher level of consciousness.[23]
He returned to England and began to write a book about the experience, Truth Vibrations, which was published in May that year. At a Green Party conference in Wolverhampton on 20 March 1991, before the book appeared, he resigned from the party, telling them he was about to be at the centre of "tremendous and increasing controversy," and winning a standing ovation from them after the announcement.[24]
What followed was what Icke calls his "turquoise period." He writes that he had been channelling for some time, and had received a message through automatic writing that he was a "Son of the Godhead," interpreting "Godhead" as the "Infinite Mind."[25] He now began to wear only turquoise, which he saw as a conduit for positive energy. He had met Deborah Shaw, an English psychic living in Calgary, Alberta, in August 1990, and after he returned from Peru, they began a relationship, which led to the birth of a daughter in December 1991. At one point, Shaw moved in with him and his wife. Shaw changed her name to Mari Shawsun, while Icke's wife became known as Michaela, which she said was an aspect of the Archangel Michael. They became known in the press as the "turquoise triangle."[17]
In March 1991, a week after he resigned from the Green Party – and shortly after his father died – the three of them held a press conference to announce that Icke was a son of the Godhead. He said the world would end in 1997, preceded by a number of disasters, including a severe hurricane around the Gulf of Mexico and New Orleans, eruptions in Cuba, disruption in China, a hurricane in Derry, and an earthquake on the Isle of Arran. Los Angeles would become an island, New Zealand would disappear, and the cliffs of Kent would be under water by Christmas. He told reporters the information was being given to them by voices and automatic writing.[26]
He wrote in 1993 that he had felt out of control during the press conference. He heard his voice predict the end of the world, and was appalled. "I was speaking the words, but all the time I could hear the voice of the brakes in the background saying, 'David, what the hell are you saying?'" His predictions were splashed all over the next day's front pages, to his great dismay.[27]
The headlines attracted an invitation to appear on the BBC's prime-time Terry Wogan show, Wogan, on 29 April 1991. When asked if he was claiming to be the son of God, he did not disagree, and amid laughter from the studio audience, he repeated that Britain would soon be devastated by tidal waves and earthquakes.[28] He also talked about politics and the environment:
When you survey the world today ... when a child dies in this world of preventable disease every two seconds, when the economic system of this world must destroy the Earth simply for that system to survive; when you see all the wars, and when you see all the pain, and when you see all the suffering, is it a force of love and wisdom and tolerance that is in control of this planet?[30]
The interview proved devastating for him. The BBC was criticized for allowing it to go ahead, Des Christy in The Guardian calling it a "media crucifixion."[31] Wogan interviewed Icke again in 2006, acknowledging that his comments during the first interview had been "a bit sharp."[28] Icke disappeared from public life for a time, unable to walk down the street without people mocking him. His children were followed to school by journalists and ridiculed by schoolmates, and his wife would open the back door to get the washing in only to find a camera crew filming her.[32] He told Jon Ronson in 2001:
One of my very greatest fears as a child was being ridiculed in public. And there it was coming true. As a television presenter, I'd been respected. People come up to you in the street and shake your hand and talk to you in a respectful way. And suddenly, overnight, this was transformed into "Icke's a nutter." I couldn't walk down any street in Britain without being laughed at. It was a nightmare. My children were devastated because their dad was a figure of ridicule.[29]
Icke said the interview had been the making of him in the end, that the laughter had set him free. He wrote that every bridge back to his past was ablaze, giving him the courage to develop his ideas without caring what anyone thought of him.[33] He continued to write, turning himself into a prolific and popular author and speaker, and in 1995 set up his own publisher, Bridge of Love Publications, later called David Icke Books.[34] He met his second wife, Pamela Leigh Richards, in Jamaica in 1997. He and Linda divorced in 2001, though they remain the best of friends, and she is involved in the management of his publishing business. He and Pamela married in 2001 and separated in 2008.[35]
Lewis and Kahn write that Icke has produced a consolidation of all conspiracy theories into one project with unlimited explanatory power, his work cutting across class lines and political divisions.[36] By 2006 he had lectured in 25 countries, his lectures were attracting audiences of several thousand, his books had been translated into eight languages, and his website was getting 600,000 hits a week. The Biggest Secret went through six reprintings between 1999 and 2006, and Alice in Wonderland and the World Trade Center Disaster (2002) became a top-five seller in South Africa.[34]
He has become known in particular for his lengthy lectures, sometimes speaking for up to eight hours, then selling DVDs of the talks produced by his ex-wife, Linda Atherton. In February 2008 he was invited to address the Oxford Union, the University of Oxford's debating society. His book tour for Human Race Get Off Your Knees: The Lion Sleeps No More (2010) encompassed lectures in Australia, Croatia, the Netherlands, and the United States, and ends in October 2012 with a talk at London's Wembley Arena, tickets ranging from ₤35 to ₤55. During the tour, he received a standing ovation in November 2011 in New York after an eight-hour lecture to a 2,000-strong crowd at the Nokia Theater in Times Square.[37]
He stood for parliament in the UK in July 2008 as "Big Brother—The Big Picture" in the Haltemprice and Howden by-election, coming 12th with 110 votes and losing his deposit. He explained that he stood because, "if we don't face this now we are going to have some serious explaining to do when we are asked by our children and grandchildren what we were doing when the global fascist state was installed. 'I was watching EastEnders, dear' will not be good enough."[38]
Icke combines metaphysical discussion about the nature of the universe and consciousness with conspiracy theories about public figures being satanic paedophiles, and how apparently random events are attempts to control humanity. He argued in The Biggest Secret that human beings originated in a breeding program run by a race of reptilians called Anunnaki from the Draco constellation, and that what we call reality is just a holographic experience; the only reality is the realm of the Absolute. He believes in a collective consciousness that has intentionality; in reincarnation; in other possible worlds that exist alongside ours on other frequencies; and in acquired characteristics, arguing that our experiences change our DNA by downloading new information and overwriting the software. We are also able to attract experiences to ourselves by means of good and bad thoughts.[39]
Icke argues that humanity was created by a network of secret societies run by an ancient race of interbreeding bloodlines from the Middle and Near East, originally extraterrestrial. Icke calls them the "Babylonian Brotherhood." The Brotherhood is mostly male. Their children are raised from an early age to understand the mission; those who fail to understand it are pushed aside. The spread of the reptilian bloodline encompasses what Norman Simms calls the odd and ill-matched, extending to 43 American presidents, three British and two Canadian prime ministers, various Sumerian kings and Egyptian pharaohs, and a smattering of celebrities such as Bob Hope. Key Brotherhood bloodlines are the Rockefellers, the Rothschilds, various European royal and aristocratic families, the establishment families of the Eastern United States, and the British House of Windsor—Icke identified the Queen Mother in 2001 as "seriously reptilian."[40]
The Illuminati, Round Table, Council on Foreign Relations, Chatham House, the Trilateral Commission, the Bilderberg Group, the International Monetary Fund, and the United Nations, are all Brotherhood created and controlled, as are the media, military, CIA, Mossad, science, religion, and the Internet, with witting or unwitting support from the London School of Economics.[41] At the apex of the Brotherhood stands the "Global Elite," identified throughout history as the Illuminati, and at the top of the Global Elite stand the "Prison Wardens." The goal of the Brotherhood—their "Great Work of Ages"—is world domination and a micro-chipped population.[40]
Icke introduced the reptoid hypothesis in The Biggest Secret (1999), which identified the Brotherhood as descendents of reptilians from the constellation Draco, who walk on two legs and appear human, and who live in tunnels and caverns inside the earth. He argues that the reptilians are the race of gods known as the Anunnaki in the Babylonian creation myth, Enûma Eliš.[42] According to Barkun, Icke's idea of "inner-earth reptilians" is not new, though he has done more than most to expand it.[43]
The
Draco constellation from
Uranographia by Johannes Hevelius, 1690. Icke's "reptoid hypothesis" posits that humanity is ruled by descendents of reptilians from Draco.
[44]
Lewis and Kahn write that Icke has taken his "ancient astronaut" narrative from the Israeli-American writer, Zecharia Sitchin, who argued—for example in Divine Encounters (1995)—that the Anunnaki had come to Earth for its precious metals. Icke argues that they came specifically for "monoatomic gold," a mineral he says can increase the carrying capacity of the nervous system ten thousandfold. After ingesting it, the reptilians can process vast amounts of information, speed up trans-dimensional travel, and shapeshift from reptilian to human form.[45] They use human fear, guilt, and aggression as energy. "Thus we have the encouragement of wars," he wrote in 1999, "human genocide, the mass slaughter of animals, sexual perversions which create highly charged negative energy, and black magic ritual and sacrifice which takes place on a scale that will stagger those who have not studied the subject."[46] Lewis and Kahn argue that Icke is using allegory to depict the alien, and alienating, nature of global capitalism.[47]
Icke writes that the Anunnaki have crossbred with human beings, the breeding lines chosen for political reasons, arguing that they are the Watchers, the fallen angels, or "Grigori," who mated with human women in the Biblical apocrypha. Their first reptilian-human hybrid, possibly Adam, was created 200,000–300,000 years ago. There was a second breeding program 30,000 years ago, and a third 7,000 years ago. It is the half-bloods of the third breeding program who today control the world, more Anunnaki than human, he writes. They have a powerful, hypnotic stare, the origin of the phrase to "give someone the evil eye," and their hybrid DNA allows them to shapeshift when they consume human blood.[48]
In Children of the Matrix (2001), he added that the Anunnaki bred with another extraterrestrial race called the "Nordics," who had blond hair and blue eyes, to produce a race of human slave masters, the Aryans. The Aryans retain many reptilian traits, including cold-blooded attitudes, a desire for top-down control, and an obsession with ritual, lending them a tendency toward fascism, rationalism, and racism. Lewis and Kahn write that, with the Nordic hypothesis, Icke is mirroring standard claims by the far right that the Aryan bloodline has ruled the Earth throughout history.[49]
The reptilians not only come from another planet, but are also from another dimension, the lower level of the fourth dimension, the one nearest the physical world. Icke writes that the universe consists of an infinite number of frequencies or dimensions that share the same space, just like television and radio frequencies. Some people can tune their consciousness to other wavelengths, which is what psychic power consists of, and it is from one of these other dimensions that the Anunnaki are controlling this world—though just as fourth-dimensional reptilians control us, they are controlled, in turn, by a fifth dimension. The lower level of the fourth dimension is what others call the "lower astral dimension." Icke argued that it is where demons live, the entities Satanists summon during their rituals. They are, in fact, summoning the reptilians.[50] Barkun argues that the introduction of different dimensions allows Icke to skip awkward questions about which part of the universe the reptilians come from, and how they got here.[51]
In Tales From The Time Loop (2003), Icke argues that most organized religions, especially Judaism, Christianity and Islam, are Illuminati creations designed to divide and conquer the human race through endless conflicts, as are racial, ethnic, and sexual divisions. He cites the Oklahoma City bombing and 9/11 as examples of events organized by the Global Elite.[52] The incidents allow the Elite to respond in whatever way they intended to act in the first place, a concept Icke calls "order out of chaos," or "problem-reaction-solution". He writes that there are few, if any, public events that are not engineered, or at least used, by the Brotherhood:[17]
Image by Neil Hague from Icke's
Infinite Love is the Only Truth (2005), showing the Brotherhood, or "Red Dresses." This image depicts
George W. Bush,
Tony Blair and
Queen Elizabeth II as members of the Brotherhood.
You want to introduce something you know the people won't like. ... So you first create a PROBLEM, a rising crime rate, more violence, a terrorist bomb ... You make sure someone else is blamed for this problem ... So you create a "patsy," as they call them in America, a Timothy McVeigh or a Lee Harvey Oswald. ... This brings us to stage two, the REACTION from the people—"This can't go on; what are THEY going to do about it?" ... This allows THEM to then openly offer the SOLUTION to the problems they have created ..."[53]
In Infinite Love is the Only Truth (2005), Icke introduces the idea of "reptilian software." He says that there are three kinds of people. The highest level of the Brotherhood are the "Red Dresses." These are "software people," elsewhere called "reptilian software," or "constructs of mind." They lack consciousness and free will, and their human bodies are holographic veils.[54]
A second group, the so-called "sheeple"—the vast majority of humanity—have what Icke calls "back seat consciousness." They are conscious, but they do whatever they are told and are the main source of energy for the Brotherhood. They include the "repeaters," the people in positions of influence who simply repeat what other people have told them. Doctors repeat what they are told in medical school and by drug companies, teachers repeat what they learned at teacher training college, and journalists are the greatest repeaters of all. The third group, by far the smallest, are those who see through the illusion; they are people like Neo from the film, The Matrix. They are usually dubbed dangerous or mad. The "Red Dress" genetic lines keep obsessively interbreeding to make sure their bloodlines are not weakened by the second or third levels of consciousness, because consciousness can rewrite the software.[54]
The Moon Matrix is introduced in Human Race Get Off Your Knees: The Lion Sleeps No More (2010), in which he writes that the Earth and the collective human mind are manipulated from the Moon, a spacecraft and inter-dimensional, inter-density portal controlled by the reptilians. The Moon Matrix is a broadcast from that spacecraft to the "human body-computer," specifically to the left hemisphere of the brain, which gives us our sense of reality. He writes: "We are living in a dreamworld within a dreamworld—a Matrix within the virtual-reality universe—and it is being broadcast from the Moon." Unless people force themselves to become fully conscious, their minds are the Moon's mind, an idea further explored in his Remember Who You Are: Remember 'Where' You Are and Where You 'Come' From (2012).[55]
In The Robots' Rebellion (1994), Icke introduced the idea that the Global Elite's plan for world domination was laid out in The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a hoax published in Russia in 1903, which supposedly presented a plan by the Jewish people to take over the world.[56] According to Mark Honigsbaum, Icke refers to it 25 times in the Robot's Rebellion, calling it the "Illuminati protocols."[57]
In his 2001 documentary about Icke,
Jon Ronson cited this cartoon, "Rothschild" (1898), by
Charles Léandre, arguing that Jews have long been depicted as lizard-like creatures out to control the world.
[58]
The Protocols portrays the Jewish people as "cackling villains from a Saturday matinee," as Jon Ronson put it in his documentary about Icke, David Icke, the Lizards and the Jews (2001).[56] It was published in English in 1920 by The Dearborn Independent, Henry Ford's newspaper, becoming mixed up with conspiracy theories about anti-Christian Illuminati, international financiers, and the Rothschilds, a Jewish banking dynasty. After it was exposed that year as a hoax by The Times of London, Michael Barkun writes that it disappeared from mainstream discourse until interest in it was renewed by the American far right in the 1950s.[56] Barkun argues that Icke's reference to it is the first of a number of instances of him moving dangerously close to antisemitism.[59]
Icke's use of the Protocols was greeted with dismay by the Green Party's executive. They had allowed him to address the party's annual conference in 1992, despite the controversy over his Wogan interview, but in September 1994 decided to deny him a platform.[60] Icke wrote to The Guardian protesting against the decision, denying that The Robots' Rebellion was antisemitic, and rejecting racism, sexism and prejudice of any kind, but in the same letter insisted that whoever wrote the Protocols "knew the game plan" for the 20th century.[61] Barkun argues that Icke was trying to have it both ways, offended by the allegation of antisemitism while "hinting at the dark activities of Jewish elites."[62]
Alick Bartholomew of Gateway, Icke's former publisher, said that an early draft of And the Truth Shall Set You Free (1995) contained material questioning the Holocaust, and that Icke was dropped because of it.[57] Sam Taylor wrote in The Observer in 1997 that, having read the material, he did not believe it was antisemitic, but argued that Icke was "tapping into a seriously paranoid, aggressive strain in U.S. society."[63] Louis Theroux cautioned in 2001 that it might not only be unfair to Icke to allege that he is associating Jews with the Global Elite, but it also lends a seriousness to ideas that would otherwise not deserve it.[64] Icke said it was "friggin' nonsense" that his reptiles represented Jews. "There is a tribe of people interbreeding," he told Jon Ronson in 2001, "which do not, do not, relate to any Earth race ... This is not a Jewish plot. This is not a plot on the world by Jewish people".[65]
Icke was briefly detained by immigration officials when he entered Canada in 2000, after his name was added to a watch list because of complaints from the Canadian Jewish Congress.[66] His books were removed from Indigo Books, a Canadian chain, and several stops on his speaking tour were cancelled, as was a lecture in October 2000 at Blackheath Concert Halls in London, for the same reason.[67] Human rights lawyer Richard Warman, working at the time for the Canadian Green Party, took credit for much of this in Jon Ronson's documentary about Icke, which catalogued some of the cancelled appearances.[68]
Michael Barkun of Syracuse University writes that Icke is the most fluent of the conspiracy writers.
[69]
Michael Barkun sees Icke as a professional conspiracy theorist of the Alex Jones variety, and the most fluent of the genre.[69] He calls Icke's work "improvisational millennialism," with an end-of-history scenario involving a final battle between good and evil. Because everything is connected in the conspiracist world view, Barkun writes, every source can be mined for links. The greater the stigma attached to an idea, the more attractive it becomes, and the vehemence with which the mainstream rejects an idea is almost a measure of its validity. For Icke, the widespread ridiculing of the lizard theory is a guarantee that there's something to it, Barkun argues.[51]
According to Barkun, Icke has actively tried to cultivate the far right. In 1996, he spoke to a conference in Reno, Nevada, alongside opponents of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act—which mandates background checks on people who buy guns in the United States—including Kirk Lyons, a white nationalist lawyer who has represented the Ku Klux Klan.[51]
Barkun argues that the relationship between Icke, the militias, and the Christian Patriots is complex because of the New Age baggage Icke brings with him, and he stresses that Icke is not actually a member of any of these groups, but he has nevertheless absorbed the world view of the radical right virtually intact. "There is no fuller explication of its beliefs about ruling elites than Icke's," he writes. Icke regards Christian patriots as the only Americans who understand the truth about the New World Order, but he also told a Christian patriot group: "I don't know which I dislike more, the world controlled by the Brotherhood, or the one you want to replace it with."[51]
Tyson Lewis and Richard Kahn see Icke differently, more as a spiritual philosopher, arguing that it's not clear he believes in the reptilians himself. They write that there is an almost obsessive-compulsive element to his writing, which includes anything he can find to support a narrative that connects ancient Sumer to modern America, in a way that "defies the laws of academic gravity," and which they say offers unlimited explanatory power. They argue that the lizards may be allegorical, a Swiftian satire intended to alert people to the emergence of a global fascist state. In Children of the Matrix, Icke writes that, if the reptilians did not exist, we would have to invent them. "In fact," he says, "we probably have. They are other levels of ourselves putting ourselves in our face."[70]
Lewis and Kahn make use of Douglas Kellner's distinction in Media Spectacle (1995) between a reactionary clinical paranoia—a mindset dissociated from reality—and a progressive, critical paranoia that confronts power. They argue that Icke displays elements of both, writing that what they call his "postmodern metanarrative" may be a way of giving ordinary people a narrative structure within which to question what they see around them.[71]
- Books
- It's a Tough Game, Son!. Piccolo Books, 1983. ISBN 0-330-28047-3
- It Doesn't Have To Be Like This: Green Politics Explained. Green Print, 1989. ISBN 1-85425-033-7
- Truth Vibrations. Gateway, 1991, 1994. ISBN 1-85860-006-5
- Love Changes Everything. Harper Collins Publishers, 1992. ISBN 1-85538-247-4
- In the Light of Experience: The Autobiography of David Icke. Time Warner Books, 1993. ISBN 0-7515-0603-6
- Days of Decision. Jon Carpenter Publishing, 1993. ISBN 1-897766-01-7
- The Robot's Rebellion. Gateway, 1994. ISBN 1-85860-022-7
- Heal the World: A Do-It-Yourself Guide to Personal and Planetary Transformation. Gateway, 1994. ISBN 1-85860-005-7
- ...And the Truth Shall Set You Free. Bridge of Love Publications, 1995. ISBN 0-9538810-5-9
- I Am Me, I Am Free: The Robot's Guide to Freedom. Truth Seeker, 1996, 1998. ISBN 0-9526147-5-8
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- Lifting the Veil: David Icke interviewed by Jon Rappoport. Truth Seeker, 1998. ISBN 0-939040-05-0
- The Biggest Secret: The Book That Will Change the World. Bridge of Love Publications, 1999. ISBN 0-9526147-6-6
- Children of the Matrix. Bridge of Love Publications, 2001. ISBN 0-9538810-1-6
- Alice in Wonderland and the World Trade Center Disaster. Bridge of Love Publications, 2002. ISBN 0-9538810-2-4
- Tales from the Time Loop. Bridge of Love Publications, 2003. ISBN 0-9538810-4-0
- Infinite Love Is the Only Truth: Everything Else Is Illusion. Bridge of Love Publications, 2005. ISBN 0-9538810-6-7
- The David Icke Guide to the Global Conspiracy (and how to end it). David Icke Books Ltd, 2007. ISBN 978-0-9538810-8-6
- Human Race Get Off Your Knees: The Lion Sleeps No More. David Icke Books Ltd, 2010. ISBN 978-0-9559973-1-0
- Remember Who You Are: Remember 'Where' You Are and Where You 'Come' From. David Icke Books Ltd, 2012. ISBN 0-9559973-3-X
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- Video
- David Icke: Turning of the Tide (1996)
- The Reptilian Agenda (1999)
- David Icke: Revelations of a Mother Goddess (1999)
- David Icke: The Freedom Road (2003)
- David Icke: Secrets of the Matrix, Parts 1–3 (2003)
- David Icke, Live in Vancouver: From Prison to Paradise (2005)
- Freedom or Fascism: The Time to Choose (2006)
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- David Icke: Big Brother, the Big Picture, (2008), free video
recorded for the Haltemprice and Howden by-election.
- Beyond The Cutting Edge (2008)
- David Icke Live at the Oxford Union Debating Society (2008)
- The Lion Sleeps No more (2010)
- Secret Space
- Secret Space 2
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- ^ For the quote about who is really controlling the world, and for "most controversial speaker," see "David Icke Biography 1", Davidicke.com, accessed June 8, 2011 (archived).
- ^ For the encounter with the psychic, see Barkun 2003, p. 103.
- For his appearance on the Terry Wogan show, see Ronson, Jon. "David Icke, the Lizards, and the Jews", Channel 4 Television, UK, 2001, begins 5:50 mins.
- For "Son of the Godhead," see In the Light of Experience, pp. 190–194.
- Also see Wogan's introduction to "David Icke on Wogan", BBC, 1991 and 2006; see 2:24 mins for Icke describing how the interview changed his life.
- That it changed his life, also see "David Icke: Was He Right?", Channel Five, UK, 12 December 2006, from 02:20 mins, accessed 12 December 2010.
- For another 1991 interview in which he says he is a son of the Godhead, see Britton, Fern. Interview with David Icke, 1/3, BBC's Coast to Coast People, from 6 mins, accessed 1 June 2011.
- ^ For mention of those four books, and "New Age conspiracism," see Barkun 2003, p. 103.
- ^ Barkun 2003, pp. 71–72, 98ff; for "New Age conspiracism," see p. 163.
- ^ For his background and brothers, see In the Light of Experience, p. 28.
- For his father's medal, see "1479714 Leading Aircraftman Beric Vaughan Icke, Royal Air Force", RAF website, taken from the London Gazette, May 14, 1943. The citation reads:
"One night in March, 1943, an aircraft crashed on a Royal Air Force Station and immediately burst into flames. Squadron Leader Moore (the duty medical officer) saw the accident and, accompanied by Leading Aircraftman Icke, a medical orderly, proceeded to the scene. Squadron Leader Moore directed the removal of the rear gunner, who was dazed and sitting amongst the burning wreckage, to a place of safety. The aircraft was now enveloped in flames and ammunition was exploding. Nevertheless, despite the intense heat and the danger from exploding oxygen bottles this officer and airman entered the burning wreckage in an attempt to rescue another member of the crew who was pinned down. Without any protective clothing they lifted aside the burning wreckage and, with great difficulty, succeeded in extricating the injured man. Squadron Leader Moore rendered first aid to the rescued man. Squadron Leader Moore sustained burns to his chest and hands in carrying out the operation. This officer and airman both displayed courage and devotion to duty in keeping with the highest traditions of the Royal Air Force.
"Acting Squadron Leader Frederick Thomas Moore, B.S., F.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. (23417), Reserve of Air Force Officers was awarded the MBE for his part in this action."
- ^ In the Light of Experience, pp. 29, 33.
- Also see Tales from the Time Loop, pp. 2–3.
- ^ a b In the Light of Experience, pp. 36, 38.
- Also see Tales from the Time Loop, pp. 2–3.
- ^ David Icke Coventry City
- ^ In the Light of Experience, pp. 44, 46, 54, 58, 60–70.
- ^ In the Light of Experience, pp. 61–66, 82, 96.
- ^ In the Light of Experience, pp. 72, 75-83.
- ^ In the Light of Experience, pp. 83–95.
- ^ David Icke filmography, British Film Institute, accessed 14 November 2009.
- ^ Tales from the Time Loop p. 4.
- ^ "Protester David Icke finally pays community charge," The Guardian, 14 November 1990.
- For the BBC not renewing the contract in August 1990, see Kennedy, Maev. "Icke resigns Green Speaker and parliamentary roles," The Guardian, 20 March 1991.
- ^ Grossman 1991.
- ^ a b c Taylor 1997.
- For the daughter, see In the Light of Experience, pp. 221–223.
- ^ For the animal rights debate, see Icke, David. "Does the Animal Kingdom need a Bill of Rights?", Royal Institute of Great Britain, 1989, accessed 12 December 2010.
- For the ads, see Weekend Guardian, 22–23 September 1990.
- ^ Days of Decision, p. 19.
- ^ "The 10 worst decisions in the history of sport, The Observer, 12 January 2003.
- ^ In the Light of Experience, pp. 146–149.
- ^ "David Icke Biography 1" (archived).
- ^ Tales from the Time Loop, pp. 12–13, 16.
- ^ Kennedy, Maev. "Icke resigns Green Speaker and parliamentary roles," The Guardian, 20 March 1991.
- ^ For "Son of the Godhead," see In the Light of Experience, p. 190, and for the "Infinite Mind," see p. 208.
- ^ Ezard, John. "'Son and daughter of God' predict apocalypse is nigh," The Guardian, 28 March 1991.
- For the death of his father, see In the Light of Experience, p. 188. For the press conference, see p. 193.
- ^ In the Light of Experience, p. 193.
- ^ a b "David Icke on Wogan", BBC, 1991 and 2006, courtesy of YouTube.
- ^ a b Ronson 2001, part 1, part 2.
- ^ David Icke on Wogan, 29 April 1991, in "Still crazy after all these years", at 4 mins, 11 secs, accessed 30 March 2011.
- ^ Christy, Des. "Crucifixion, courtesy of the BBC," The Guardian, May 6, 1991.
- ^ "David Icke: Was He Right?", Channel Five, 12 December 2006; courtesy of Google Video, from 02:20 mins, accessed 12 December 2010.
- ^ Tales from the Time Loop, pp. 14, 17.
- ^ a b For the details of his lecture tours, website numbers, countries lectured in, see "David Icke: Was He Right?", Channel Five, UK, 12 December 2006.
- ^ Clarke, Natalie. "Divorced from reality", The Daily Mail, 7 January 2012.
- ^ Lewis and Kahn 2010, p. 75.
- ^ For Oxford Union, see Evans, Paul. "Interview: David Icke", The New Statesman, 3 March 2008.
- ^ "David Icke stood for the None (No Party)", VoteWise, accessed 12 December 2010.
- ^ For law of attraction/magnetic energy and satanic involvement, see for example Children of the Matrix, p. 291ff, and The Biggest Secret, pp. 30–40.
- For other possible worlds/frequencies, see The Biggest Secret, pp. 26–27.
- For changing DNA, see Infinite Love is the Only Truth, pp. 78–84, 148.
- ^ a b Barkun 2003, p. 104.
- For the "odd and ill-matched," see Simms 2002, p. 33.
- For the names, see Ronson, Jon. Beset by lizards, The Guardian, March 17, 2001; Offley 2000a, and Icke, March 2000 (archived.
- For the ideas, see:
-
- The Biggest Secret, pp. 1–2.
- And the Truth Shall Set You Free, p. 8.
- Children of the Matrix, pp. 19, 79, 251, 368.
- ^ Children of the Matrix, p. 339.
- ^ The Biggest Secret, pp. 19–25.
- ^ Barkun 2003, p. 106.
- ^ Barkun 2003, p. 105.
- ^ Lewis and Kahn 2010, p. 81.
- ^ The Biggest Secret, pp. 30–38, 40.
- ^ Lewis and Kahn 2010, p. 82.
- ^ The Biggest Secret, pp. 40-45.
- ^ Children of the Matrix, pp. 19, 79, 251.
- ^ The Biggest Secret, pp. 26–27.
- ^ a b c d Barkun 2003, pp. 106–108.
- ^ Kay 2011, pp. 72, 179–180.
- For Icke's views, see Alice in Wonderland and the World Trade Center Disaster, 2002, e.g. pp. 154, 205.
- ^ Icke, David. "Problem-reaction-solution", News for the Soul, accessed December 12, 2010.
- ^ a b Infinite Love is the Only Truth, pp. 78–84, 148.
- ^ Human Race Get Off Your Knees, 2010, pp. 618, 627, 632.
- ^ a b c Barkun 2003, pp. 49–50.
- Ronson, March 17, 2001.
- The Protocols of the Elders of Zion was written around 1897, probably under the direction of the Russian secret police in Paris, and purports to be transcripts of 24 addresses given to a group of Jewish elders. See Protocols of the Elders of Zion, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, and the museum's timeline.
It was exposed as a hoax in 1920 by The Times of London, which wrote that it was a work of plagiarism derived from two sources: The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu (1864) by a French satirist, Maurice Joly, which had nothing to do with Jews; and Biarritz (1868), an antisemitic novel by a German writer, Hermann Goedsche. See Barkun 2003, pp. 48–50.
- For more background, see Kay, Jonathan. "The enduring influence of The Protocols of Zion", The National Post, May 10, 2011.
- ^ a b Honigsbaum 1995.
- ^ Ronson, Jon. "David Icke, the Lizards, and the Jews", Channel 4 Television, UK, 2001, 06:12 mins.
- ^ Barkun 2003, p. 104.
- ^ "Greens bar Icke", The Independent, 12 September 1994.
- ^ Icke, David. "Down but speaking out among the Greens," letter to the editor, The Guardian, 14 September 1994.
- ^ Barkun 2003, p. 144.
- Icke writes: "I strongly believe that a small Jewish clique which has contempt for the mass of Jewish people worked with non-Jews to create the First World War, the Russian Revolution, and the Second World War. This Jewish/non-Jewish Elite used the First World War to secure the Balfour Declaration and the principle of the Jewish State of Israel in Palestine (for which, given the genetic history of most Jewish people, there is absolutely no justification on historical grounds or any other). They then dominated the Versailles Peace Conference and created the circumstances which made the Second World War inevitable. They financed Hitler to power in 1933 and made the funds available for his rearmament. See And the Truth Shall Set You Free, pp. 120–121, cited in Offley 2000a.
- ^ Taylor, Sam. "So I was in this bar with the son of God...," The Observer, 20 April 1997.
- ^ Theroux 2001.
- ^ Ronson, Jon. "David Icke, the Lizards, and the Jews", Channel 4 Television, UK, 2001, from 4:26 mins.
- ^ Ronson, 17 March 2001.
- During a debate in 1999 about whether to allow him to speak at the University of Toronto, law professor Ed Morgan wrote to Robert Prichard, the university's president, describing Icke's work as "precisely the type of vilifying material with which the Supreme Court was concerned in its decision regarding the Criminal Code of Canada ban. The publications praise classic antisemitic tracts, and are replete with references to a secret society carrying on a global conspiracy led by a manipulating Jewish clique"; see Jabbari 1999.
- Also see Kraft 1999.
- ^ Cowley, Jason. "The Icke Files", The Independent on Sunday, 1 October 2000.
- ^ Ronson, Jon. "David Icke, the Lizards, and the Jews", Channel 4 Television, UK, 2001. Warman appears at 0:21 mins.
- Also see Gillis 2008, pp. 4–5.
- Children of the Matrix, p. 412.
- ^ a b For comparison with Alex Jones, and for the view that Icke is the most fluent of the genre, see Barkun 2003, p. 98ff, 163.
- ^ Children of the Matrix, pp. 423–424.
- ^ Lewis and Kahn 2010, p. 88ff.
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- Books
- Barkun, Michael. A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America. University of California, 2003.
- Barkun, Michael. Chasing Phantoms: Reality, Imagination, and Homeland Security Since 9/11. The University of North Carolina Press, 2011.
- Kay, Jonathan. Among the Truthers: A Journey Through America's Growing Conspiracist Underground. HarperCollins, 2011.
- Lewis, Tyson E., and Kahn, Richard. "The Tail Behind the Tale: Toward a Reptoid History," Education Out of Bounds: Reimagining Cultural Studies for a Posthuman Age. Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
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- Video
- Channel 5 Television. David Icke: Was He Right?, December 12, 2006.
- Ronson, Jon. "David Icke, the Lizards, and the Jews", Channel 4 Television, UK, 6 May 2001.
- Wogan, Terry. David Icke interviewed by Terry Wogan, BBC, April 1991 and again in 2006.
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- Papers
- Lewis, Tyson and Kahn, Richard. "The Reptoid Hypothesis: Utopian and Dystopian Representational Motifs in David Icke's Alien Conspiracy Theory", Utopian Studies, Vol. 16, 2005, accessed 13 April 2012 (courtesy link).
- Simms, Norman. "Anti-Semitism: A Psychopathological Disease" in Piven, Jerry S.; Boyd, Chris; and Lawton, Henry W. (eds). Judaism and Genocide: Psychological Undercurrents of History, Volume 4. Writers Club Press, 2002.
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- News and other articles
- Chaudhary, Vivek. "Greens see red at 'Son of God's anti-Semitism'," The Guardian, 12 September 1994.
- Christy, Des. "Crucifixion, courtesy of the BBC," The Guardian, 6 May 1991.
- Clarke, Natalie. "Divorced from reality", The Daily Mail, 7 January 2012.
- Cowley, Jason. "The Icke Files", The Independent on Sunday, 1 October 2000.
- Evans, Paul. Interview: David Icke, New Statesman, 3 March 2008.
- Ezard, John. "'Son and daughter of God' predict apocalypse is nigh," The Guardian, 28 March 1991.
- Gillis, Charlie. "Righteous Crusader or Civil Rights Menace?", Macleans, 9 April 2008.
- Goodwin, Stephen. "Icke factor could thwart Greens' serious message", The Independent, 29 September 1994.
- Greenslade, Nick. "The ten worst sportsmen in politics", The Observer, 5 September 2004.
- Grossman, Wendy. "Green Party Cofounder Icke Goes New Age", Skeptical Inquirer, 1 January 1991.
- Honigsbaum, Mark. "The Dark Side of David Icke", London Evening Standard, May 26, 1995.
- Jabbari, Dorsa. "U of T provides accused anti-Semite with mike", Varsity News, 12 October 1999.
- Leonard, Tom. "The second coming of David Icke", The Daily Mail, 28 November 2011.
- Kennedy, Maev. "Icke resigns Green Speaker and parliamentary roles," The Guardian, 20 March 1991.
- Kraft, Frances. "New Age speaker set to talk in Toronto", The Canadian Jewish News, 7 October 1999.
- Marre, Oliver. "Pendennis", The Observer, 20 January 2008.
- Mitchell, Ben. "This much I know", interview with David Icke, The Observer, 22 January 2006.
- Naughton, Philippe. "Reptilians beware - David Icke is back!", The Times, 27 June 2008.
- Offley, Will (2000a). "Selected Quotes Of David Icke", Political Research Associates, February 23, 2000.
- Offley, Will (2000b). "David Icke And The Politics Of Madness: Where The New Age Meets The Third Reich", Political Research Associates, 29 February 2000.
- Ronson, Jon. "Beset by lizards, part 1", part 2, extracts from Ronson's book, Them: Adventures with Extremists, The Guardian, 17 March 2011.
- Taylor, Sam. "So I was in this bar with the son of God ...," The Observer, 20 April 1997.
- Theroux, Louis. "Stranger than fiction: Are 12ft lizards running the world?", The Guardian, 7 April 2001.
- Whitney, Nicole (undated). "Interview with David Icke", News for the Soul, 2004, accessed 12 December 2010.
- The Guardian. "Protester David Icke finally pays community charge," 14 November 1990.
- The Independent. "Greens bar Icke", 12 September 1994.
- The Observer. "The 10 worst decisions in the history of sport, 12 January 2003.
- United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Protocols of the Elders of Zion, accessed 12 December 2010.
-
- Icke's books and other material
- Icke, David. It's a tough game, son!. Piccolo Books, 1983.
- Icke, David. "Does the Animal Kingdom need a Bill of Rights?", Royal Institute of Great Britain, 1989, YouTube, accessed 12 December 2010.
- Icke, David. In the Light of Experience, Warner Books, 1993.
- Icke, David. Days of Decision. Jon Carpenter Publishing, 1993.
- Icke, David. "Down but speaking out among the Greens," letters to the editor, The Guardian, 14 September 1994.
- Icke, David. And the Truth Shall Set You Free. David Icke Books, 1995.
- Icke, David. The Biggest Secret: The Book that Will Change the World. David Icke Books, 1999.
- Icke, David. Alice in Wonderland and the World Trade Center Disaster, Bridge of Love Publications, 2002.
- Icke, David. Tales from the Time Loop. David Icke Books, 2003.
- Icke, David. Infinite Love is the Only Truth. Bridge of Love Publications, 2005.
- Icke, David. The David Icke Guide to the Global Conspiracy. David Icke Books, 2007.
- Icke, David. Human Race Get Off Your Knees: The Lion Sleeps No More. David Icke Books, 2010.
- Icke, David (undated). "Problem-reaction-solution", News for the Soul, accessed 12 December 2010.
- Icke, David (undated). David Icke part 1, part 2, Davidicke.com, accessed 12 December 2010.
- Icke, David (undated). "Was Hitler a Rothschild?", DavidIcke.com, accessed 12 December 2010.
- DavidIcke.com.
- Banyan, Will. "The Big Picture" A review of Alice in Wonderland and the World Trade Center Disaster (pdf), Paranoia Magazine, October 2003.
- Kay, Jonathan. "When paranoia goes intergalactic", The National Post, 12 May 2011.
- Shermer, Michael. "Illuminati, The New World Order & Paranoid Conspiracy Theorists (PCTs)", The Skeptic's Dictionary, 2006.
- Shermer, Michael. Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Time. Mjf Books, 1997.
- Audio/video
- Britton, Fern. Interview with David Icke, 1/3, 2/3, 3/3, BBC's Coast to Coast People, 1991.
- Icke, David. Presenting snooker, BBC, 1980s.
- Icke, David. "Does the Animal Kingdom need a Bill of Rights?", Royal Institute of Great Britain, Arena, BBC 2, 1989.
- Icke, David. "Live at the Oxford Union", February 2008.
- Icke, David. "Still crazy after all these years", from The Lion Sleeps No More DVD, 2010.
- Kent, Arthur. "Secret Societies", interview with David Icke, History Channel, 2001.
- Maher, Bill. Interview with David Icke, Religulous, 2008.
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| Notable proponents and supporters |
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| Persondata |
| Name |
Icke, David |
| Alternative names |
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| Short description |
British conspiracy theorist |
| Date of birth |
29 April 1952 |
| Place of birth |
Leicester, England |
| Date of death |
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| Place of death |
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